Last week I expressed my strong concerns about how the EHF and some national federations illegally set aside what is prescribed in the playing rules regarding post-game suspension following disqualifications during games. Essentially, these federations explicitly violate the rules by not respecting the formal distinction between ‘red card WITH report’ and ‘red card WITHOUT report’. They do so by instigating disciplinary proceedings in cases where the referees have used their prerogative to classify a disqualification as one that is NOT to be causing a report and any subsequent action.
Despite my own frustrations with this issue, I was very surprised by the widespread reactions I got via e-mail and telephone calls, from representatives for leagues/clubs/players, referees, media and handball fans. They gave such strong support for my views and added important comments, so I have decided to follow up with a brief summary of the key concerns:

Leagues/clubs/players are seriously concerned about the inconsistencies and the unpredictability that follows from the illegal practices. This is just the opposite of what was intended by the clear distinctions in the 2010 IHF Playing Rules. I got comments that described the practice of setting aside the Playing Rules as a state of lawlessness that we do not want in the world of sports.

People were asking why it would occur to the EHF to do something like this and, of course, how the IHF could tolerate it. It was suggested that it must reflect a desire on the part of the EHF and other federations to ‘flex their muscles’ and demonstrate their perceived power in an inappropriate way. Several persons commented that, in an asymmetric way, it amounts to punishing more harshly than the rules prescribe.

The rules were changed in 2010, and the concept of ‘exclusion’ (causing a team to play shorthanded for the rest of the game) was removed. Instead, it was decided to introduce TWO separate categories of disqualifications: the ‘routine’ form, that is specifically not intended to lead to further punishment after the game; and then the category reserved for really dangerous/reckless fouls, for grossly unsportsmanlike conduct, and for the situations involving what we could call ‘last minute sabotage’.

The latter category, based on what the REFEREES decided, is the ONLY one that gives the responsible federation the authority to consider a further punishment on the basis of the referee report. It should be noted that it is NOT automatic that there should be a further punishment; the federation may decide that the ‘rest of the game’ disqualification was sufficient. It really could not be more clear-cut, and it is hard to see how the EHF and the other federations involved could have misunderstood. And it is equally hard to see where they think they get their authority from; it is really as illegal as it would be if a federation wanted to add a punishment to a player who received a 2-minute suspension or caused a 7-meter.

It was also pointed out that the illegal practice creates problems in the existing efforts (which are embraced also by the EHF itself) to ensure that the referees have the courage and good judgment to use the red card when it is appropriate, instead of backing off and letting it suffice with a 2-minute suspension. But several people now commented to me that referees become tempted to refrain from giving a ‘red card WITHOUT report’, because they fear that the federation will take upon itself to start a disciplinary process and perhaps give out a suspension, something that the referees know is illegal and unjustified by virtue of their decision to place the event in the ‘WITHOUT report’ category. This risk that the referees will feel pressure to avoid giving red cards is totally undesirable, and this cannot possibly be what the EHF and others are seeking to achieve.

So how about it, my many sensible and competent friends at the top of the EHF: HOW WOULD IT BE IF YOU WERE TO ANNOUNCE THAT, STARTING WITH THE 2012-13 SEASON, YOU WOULD ABANDON YOUR ILLEGAL AND UNDESIRABLE PRACTICES AND INSTEAD START FOLLOWING THE UNIVERSAL PLAYING RULES!?

There have been too many instances recently, where a red card has led to post-match uncertainty, disputes and improper handling of the matter. Mostly, because these are the situations which are given more publicity, it involves EHF competition, but I have information that similar problems seem to exist in national federations, for instance in Germany. This is very regrettable, because players and clubs should be able to count on predictability and consistency; it is also largely unnecessary, because the basic IHF Playing Rules, which MUST be respected by all continental and national federations, offer both clarity and limits regarding the post-match handling of a disqualification (‘red card’)!

The 2010 playing rules make a very important distinction between the ‘basic’ disqualification due to a foul or unsportsmanlike conduct (rules 8:5 and 8:9 respectively) and the more dangerous fouls and serious conduct (rules 8:6 and 8:10 respectively) where the referees are required to send a report to the organizing federation regarding the disqualification. The important point here is that the referees are the ONLY ones, using their subjective judgment on the basis of existing criteria, who have the prerogative to decide if a foul falls under rule 8:5 or 8:6 and if a misconduct falls under 8:9 or 8:10. Moreover, this decision must be taken immediately by the referees at the time of the incident, and they are obliged to inform the team immediately, if their decision is to classify the action under 8:6 or 8:10.

This means that if the referees have given a red card and have concluded that 8:5 or 8:9 applies, meaning that no report is to be sent to federation, this is the END of the matter. The federation has NO right to override the judgment of the referees and take upon itself to decide about a further suspension. Indeed, one of the fundamental reasons for the distinction between ‘disqualification without report’ and ‘disqualification with report’ is precisely to avoid any uncertainty regarding the player’s status for future games and to prevent the possibility of capricious and inconsistent bureaucratic action. Presumably, it can only be ignorance or arrogance that causes the federations to ignore what the playing rules prescribe, and it is regrettable that the IHF turns a blind eye to these improper practices!

In those cases where there referees do submit a report, because a disqualification falls under rules 8:6 or 8:10, there are sometimes some misunderstandings, both among the responsible federations, and among the general public. The purpose of the report is to enable the federation to determine IF there should be further consequences and if so to what extent. In other words, a suspension is NOT automatic and mandatory just because a report has been filed. It is always up to the respective federation to apply its own principles, guidelines and procedures. Here they have a complete prerogative and are not under the jurisdiction of the IHF. Culture and traditions may impact the decision-making, and this may vary from country to country.

Of course, this does not mean that one does not want to see consistency and a clear logic in the decision-making WITHIN each federation. On the one hand, similar cases need to be treated in a similar way, so standardization is important. On the other hand, there must also be flexibility to make a distinction between cases that are not quite similar, or where the seriousness of the action varies, so one must guard against any tendencies to a ‘robotic’ decision-making. It also needs to be recognized that it is in fact difficult to compare and get consistency between entirely different types of cases. For instance, what is fair and consistent if one compares dangerous and reckless fouls that may lead to injuries, with grossly unsportsmanlike behavior that does not physically hurt anyone but may have a direct impact on the result of a game?

One particular situation, which unfortunately arises far too often, is the special case of illegally preventing the opponents from resuming the game or getting to a scoring chance during the LAST MINUTE of the game. Clearly, the reason why this, by definition, has been placed in the category of ‘disqualification WITH report’ is the desire to go as far as possible in discouraging this kind of cynical action, which is really bad for the spirit and the image of our game, especially if it does have its intended effect during the game. When the rule was introduced, attempts were made to tie the rule and the punishment not just to the ‘last minute’ but also to the notion of having a potential effect on the outcome.

Clearly there is a difference between situations where everyone knows that ‘the next goal will decide’, and situations where it is either impossible to know whether the next goal is so important or where it is clear that is UNimportant (and the action is really a case of sheer stupidity). It is also relevant whether the cynical player commits the action in a way that is at least physically harmless or whether the cynicism includes subjecting the player to physical danger. But despite these differences, the federations tend to be ‘on autopilot’ when giving out suspensions: for the EHF, one game seems to have become the standard. Here it would be appropriate to increase the length in those cases where the awareness of the impact was clear and/or there was reckless physical action involved. As it now is, many players and teams laugh at the ‘price’ of ONE game.

Wherever we are located, many of us are likely to be enjoying these two events, featuring enormously skilled athletes and very intense competition. But we are probably also groaning about many habits and incidents that detract from the overall experience, especially if we have a particular interest in refereeing and fair play. The impression is that we can consider ourselves comparatively lucky when we focus on rules and elite level refereeing in handball. But there are also indications of dangers and lessons to be learned.

The most conspicuous problem in the late stages in the regular season in the NHL and now in the play-offs is the total deterioration in the respect among players for the well-being of the opponent. Hard hitting and desperate methods can be both understood and tolerated, but an epidemic of actions which are either intentional or totally careless is putting many star players on the side-line with major injuries. Hits against the head, often causing long-lasting concussions, seem to be the ‘favorite’ method for the moment. The NHL tries to use suspensions as a deterrent, but there is no indication that this is really discouraging these actions.

Fortunately, we have yet not seen the quite same the cynicism in our recent, major events in handball. In our case it is more a matter of isolated incidents. But ‘flying elbows’ or fists to the face are dangerous actions that can far too easily occur in handball, especially if the referees are not alert and courageous, and if the federations to do not take such matters seriously enough.

In the case of NHL, I see a connection to another problem that I ‘desperately’ want us to avoid in handball. It is a tendency, or mentality, that may be relatively more common here in the U.S. What I am talking about is the attitude that in the play-offs, or in the final minutes of any game, “you should put the whistle away and let the players decide the outcome”. This has been more conspicuous than even in this year’s Stanley Cup, but to my mind it is totally misguided! First of all, it does not lead to fairness and a proper outcome if you ignore fouls and other violations. What simply happens is that the most cynical teams and players take advantage by being ruthless. Is this really what we want? And even worse, it creates an escalation on the ice/court so that finally there is a sense that ‘anything goes’ , with more and more dangerous action (including elbows to the head) and revenge fouls.

In the case of UEFA and Champions League, I want to focus on two issues. The first one involves ‘theater’, especially in terms of exaggerating the impact of a minor body contact or completing faking the existence of a foul from an opponent. In my opinion, football is getting worse and worse in this respect, mainly because there is too much tolerance for it. It creates major irritation between players, it leads to fouls and other forms of misbehavior, it creates a loss of respect for the referee. We really need to be careful in the handball and must be more prepared to take tougher action against such tendencies before these unpleasant habits become as common in handball as in football.

And then there is an issue related to an inherent advantage that we have in the handball rules, an aspect that we must take great care to protect and preserve. I am talking about the distinction between punishments for fouls and the restoring of a goal chance that has been illegally removed. It is terrible to see that football is not more rapidly dealing with the issue of ‘double punishment’ (penalty kick AND red card) for removing a clear scoring chance in the goal area. This is really unconscionable. But it also tells us that we in handball must take great care to make our referees understand the right situations for: 7-meter only; personal punishment but no 7-meter; both 7-meter and personal punishment. Another rules aspect that will not realistically change: in football the penalty kick depends simply on the position and not on scoring chance. This means that shirt pulling in the penalty area causes the referees to decide either to see what happens or to close their eyes. Perhaps this unsatisfactory effect should be remembered by those who think that we allow too much subjective judgment for the decision about a 7-meter in handball. I am sure that many football referees would love to have that prerogative!

Unlike my story about IHF uniform policies, dated April 1, this is a story that you can believe: London Transport has come up with the great idea of honoring as many as 361 prominent Olympic athletes by temporarily naming all of their Underground (‘Tube’) and Overground stations after them, in connection with the Olympic Games this summer. Clearly it is a matter of prestige to have been included in the group of the 361 to be selected in this manner.

Handball is not a sport with great traditions in Britain, but we managed to get at least four of our best known former (and, in the case of Balic, probably continuing) Olympians selected. Naturally, this could cause a debate about other noteworthy handball players having been left out, even if the choice was limited to athletes who have had an impact in the Olympics. Perhaps there could have been room for a representative of the French and Norwegian gold medalists in 2008 or a Gatu, Horvat or Turtjina from the 1970s.

It is not surprising that the list is dominated by the ‘big’ Olympic sports, such as swimming, boxing, gymnastics, basketball, and especially track & field. Football is less represented, as the names in football, like a few other sports, reflect the non-Olympic status of athletes from certain sports during long periods. It seems that those who decided about the list at least tried to avoid discrimination by gender or nationality. In fact, there is no information available about who was involved in the selection process, so we do not know if federations had any role at all.

Efforts have been made to group athletes together by sports. The entire ‘District’ and ‘Circle’ lines are dedicated to runners, e.g., Carl Lewis, Wilma Rudolph, Usain Bolt, Marlene Ottey, Michael Johnson, Herb Elliott, Maria Mutola, Emil Zatopek and, of course, Sebastian Coe, the boss for the entire event in London 2012. The jumpers got placed on the ‘Metropolitan’ line, among them Beamon, Boston and Fosbury. Edwin Moses has been used as the diplomatic choice for the Wimbledon station; it might have been too controversial to pick a particular tennis player for that. But Nadal, Federer, Agassi, Graf, Becker, the Williams sisters and several others appear in other locations.

Michael Phelps has received a special location of honor, at the Stratford station, which is the stop for the Olympic stadium and area. Muhammed Ali (a.k.a. Cassius Clay) got the international station near Stratford. Swimmers also include Dawn Fraser, Johnny Weissmuller, Kornelia Ender, Ian Thorpe and Matt Biondi. Boxers include Teofilo Stevenson, Laszlo Papp, Sugar Ray Leonard, Michael Spinks, Joe Frazier and several others. The gymnasts feature Olga Korbut, Nadia Comaneci and Mary Lou Retton.

‘Dream teams’ in basketball have left a mark, and the names at the apex of the ‘Northern’ line look impressive: Bird, Barkley, Ewing, Jordan, Bryant, James but also old-timer Oscar Robertson. The women’s group includes Cheryl (Miller) and Sheryl (Swoops). But American women also come through in football: Hamm, Wambach, Scurry and Chastain each got a station, as did Brazilian Marta. On the men’s side we go from Hungarian legends Puskas and Kocsis to current stars such as Messi and Tevez.

I do not think we should take the choices and the omissions too seriously, but surely you agree that this is a pretty smart way to be reminded about great Olympic moments and performers from the past!

I hope the IHF will not be upset that I reveal some new information before they have had a chance to announce it. But I think it is relatively harmless, so I will go ahead and use my inside information. The issue involves a new policy regarding uniforms that will need to be reflected in both the Playing Rules and in the Competition Regulations. In order to give teams a chance to adjust in preparation for the 2012-13 season, when the new policy will become effective, the IHF is planning to announce it very soon.

As most of you know, for many, many years we have had frustrating situations both in championship events and at the grassroots level, when the two teams have come to a game with uniform colors that are too similar, or when there have been some problems with the colors of a goalkeeper. And it has often been frustrating for the referees to try to anticipate what colors to use for a specific game. I can also recall all the technical meetings in championships where a lot of time was spent on discussing and agreeing on the colors for each game. So, quite wisely, the IHF has decided that something needed to be done to make everything simpler and clearer.

Amazingly, as the U.S. influence on world handball has not been very great over the years, it seems that the ideas for the solutions have come from the sports scene in U.S.A. Of course, here like in all other parts of the world, the teams and their fans have really strong feelings about the traditional colors of their teams. But they have come to accept that, in a very systematic way, they must be used to the reality that their teams essentially use different colors for the home and away games. This principle is what is now being adopted by the IHF for handball globally. The result should be that, for each game, both teams will know which uniform to wear, without any discussions or confusion.

Quite interestingly, it seems to have been easy to reach agreement on the basic principle, but the specific method apparently required some discussion. In a nutshell, the question was: should the IHF follow the NBA, the NHL or perhaps the NFL? Let me explain to those who do not follow these events so closely: in the NBA, the home team plays in light-colored uniforms and the visitors in dark uniforms. In the NHL it is the opposite. And in the NFL the home team always uses its favorite colors (light or dark) and the away team must adapt.

In the end it seems that the IHF opted to follow the NHL approach, requiring the home team to wear dark colors (primarily red or blue or a combination of the two, such as stripes or purple). The visitors then wear white or possibly light yellow or grey. The reason was that the home team fans like to wear their team colors in some way, and it makes for a more colorful and spectacular scene if they can wear strong colors. I did not mention green. That is because this color has been reserved for the goalkeepers. It may cause some irritation with some teams that green has eliminated as a choice, but it was seen as more important to achieve complete standardization for all goalkeepers.

And the referees? Well, here it is apparently back to all black! This may not be appreciated by some flamboyant referees who have become used to looking a little bit like ‘peacocks’ in recent years. However, I guess the IHF saw it as almost the only practical solution. If they had asked me, I might have suggested that ‘zebra’ stripes would be better. Not because I think it is such a great design, but simply because it would have created a better contrast to dark blue.

Personally I support the overall change. I do not know if it comes primarily from the rules side under Manfred Prause or from the competitions side under Leon Kalin, but I congratulate those who came up with the idea. It is likely that some teams will complain initially, perhaps especially the teams who have long traditions with green uniforms. But surely they can find ways to use green in a logo or in the trimming of a uniform in another basic color. Clubs like THW Kiel may also not be happy, as neither white nor black can be used at home, and any thoughts about returning to stripes must be forgotten. But I am confident that Kiel’s star qualities extend beyond their uniform colors. Perhaps a strong pink or dark orange color would suit them!?

Both I myself and the IHF would certainly welcome YOUR views on this new approach!

I just recently wrote about uniforms, although the context then was the issue of the head scarf. I noted that our handball rules are amazingly vague as to what constitutes a proper ‘uniform’. So among other things, I was asking if we could interpret the rules to allow the beach style bikinis in indoor handball (assuming, of course, that they had enough room for player numbers)…

Little did I know that we would now suddenly have reason to raise the issue of the bikinis required for women players in beach handball! I had listened to John Ryan’s podcast and chats with some members of our USA beach handball team, and I was a bit amused when I heard that they seemed to have difficulties in figuring out how to put on their bikini uniforms. And I remember only too well that, in the supposedly liberal or emancipated Scandinavian countries, there had been major protests when the IHF made it mandatory for the women to use bikini-style uniforms. They thought this was insulting. But part of the IHF ‘excuse’ was that it simply followed the example of beach volleyball.

So I was now a bit surprised to read a few days ago that beach volleyball has decided to stop making the bikinis mandatory. In fact, the obligation has really been to wear a bathing suit, so one-piece bathing suits have already been allowed for the women. But now, not just on an experimental basis, but for all the official competitions, including the 2012 Olympic Games, there will be flexibility. It will be permitted to use shorts and a top, with or without sleeves, as an alternative to the bathing suit. In fact, the wording seems to suggest that one could, for instance, combine a bikini top with shorts.

This may now raise questions for beach handball: will we be ‘ahead’ of everyone else by continuing to insist on bikinis, or will we be ‘behind’ in the sense that we are (in a sport essentially managed by men!) forcing the women to wear something that they may not like to use? This is of course a matter of ethics and equal treatment, and that is the consideration that I personally see as the most relevant one. But then I am sure that other observers will argue more cynically that we must not overlook the aspects of PR and ability to attract spectators and sponsors. Indeed, some media comments already suggest, apropos the decision of beach volleyball, that “this sport, which in itself is boring, will lose its glamour and ability to gain attention, if the bikini uniforms are not part of the spectacle in the beach setting”.

It will be interesting to see if the decision in beach volleyball will cause a reaction in the IHF, and I would also be curious to know how current and potential beach handball players and spectators look at it! Would you want handball to follow the example of volleyball?

For a long time now, Russian men’s handball has been synonymous with Vladimir Maksimov, but after the ‘modest’ results in EURO 2012 the 66-year old decided that it was time to retire permanently. After a good career as a player, which included the gold medals in the 1976 Olympics, he was coaching the men’s national team during a very successful period. Indeed, one could say that the Russians were a dominating team in the 1990s, becoming both World Champions and European Champions, with the gold medals at the 2000 Olympics as a culmination.

But thereafter the Russian machine sputtered, despite bronze medals in 2004 and the insertion of several talented younger players. In fact, Maksimov already gave way briefly for other coaches twice, but he was almost immediately brought back again. In recent years, it was common to hear Maksimov get the blame for the decline, and there was whispering to the effect that he had ‘outlived himself’ as a coach at the top level. But I think it is also fair to say that many international critics were misled by the earlier successes and have not realized that handball is in fact not really a major sport in Russia, with unlimited resources and a steady supply of large numbers of players at the youth level.

If anything, Maksimov probably got too little credit for getting so much out of a difficult situation. He was heard lamenting that the promised support had not been forthcoming despite the many successes that he and his teams had brought to Russian sport. And he had a personal image of a ‘big grunting bear’ who was not very approachable, and this may also have brought him less appreciation than he deserved. In my experience, he was always very serious and respectful in dealing with people around him. It may have seemed he was tough on his players, but he was always sportsmanlike and never got into the habit of provoking or complaining in a conspicuous way. At the most, a resigned gesture or a wry smile could be seen, when he wanted to get agreement with his opinion of a decision from the referees.

Several former top players had been mentioned as candidates to replace Maksimov. One of the most familiar faces (or should I say wing spans) was that of Dmitri Torgovanov, the former world-class pivot who is now coaching St. Petersburg HC. Other rumors suggested that Alexander Rymanov or Nikolai Tsigarev might be the anointed one. But a few days ago it was announced that the Russian Handball Union had voted in favor of Oleg Kuleshov as a narrow winner over Rymanov. Apparently, as is the process in Russia, what is now missing is the formal endorsement by the Ministry of Sports.

The 37-year old Kuleshov had a strong career as a player, doing no less than 123 international matches for Russia. He was on the Olympic team in 1996 and 2004, but he missed out on being part of the gold medal squad in 2000. At the club level he spent many years playing for SC Magdeburg, including the season when they won the EHF Champions League. He has recently been a coach for HF Springe, a top team in the 3rd Bundesliga. He would be expected to bring in a new group of coaches and managers to work with him, creating a new leadership generation in charge of the Russian men’s team. Let us see of this will turn the recent decline around!

Last week, the International Football Association Board (IFAB), the rules-making body in football announced a turnaround in its previous opinions on the matter and declared that it was supporting a change that would allow women to wear a head scarf (hijab) in football competitions. It is expected that the final approval by FIFA will be given in July, following a final check of health and safety aspects by FIFA’s medical advisers.

The matter had been pursued vigorously in recent time by Prince Ali of Jordan, who became FIFA Vice-President and a member of the FIFA Executive Committee through a surprising election result in the Asian Football Confederation a year ago. From the vantage point of handball, it could be observed that a number of Muslim countries previously had wanted to pursue the issue across a spectrum of different sports, and that there was considerable discomfort among the decision-makers in the individual sports, including football and handball. Accordingly, the matter was referred to ASOIF, the organization for summer Olympic sports, in the hope that a standardized approach might evolve.

While waiting for results, there were some informal ‘experimentation’ or exceptions, especially in the world of Asian football and handball. In the meantime, it had also become a practice in women’s handball that at least long sleeves and pants would be used in handball, something that the IHF also quietly begun to accept. And in 2010, without any public debate, there was suddenly wording introduced in the handball rule book to the effect that head scarves are allowed, in analogy with headbands, as long as they are made of soft, elastic material. (It may seem that elasticity makes sense for headbands, but it may not really be desirable for head scarves; here instead, the method of fastening may be more relevant).

Of course, the issue has tended to be much more of a political ‘hot potato’ rather than a technical rules issue in recent decades. Around the world, one finds a wide spectrum of habits and opinions: the wearing of hijabs in public is mandatory, or it is forbidden in certain settings or it is left up to each woman to decide. Similarly, it has been seen alternatively as an issue of women’s rights and opportunities to participate in sports, or an indication of suppression. The reasons for hesitation in the world of sports has been the notion that the wearing of a hijab is a religious manifestation, something which is generally forbidden in sports rules, but the success of Prince Ali seems based on the argument that it should be seen as a cultural expression and therefore permissible.

But what it does bring up in handball is a more mundane and practical matter, a shortcoming that I touched on not so long on ago when commenting on the ‘conflict’ regarding the desire on the part of AG Copenhagen to wear sleeveless shirt in the EHF Champions League. The matter was amicably resolved, but it gave me a chance to joke about the need for ‘uniform’ tattoos, in the absence of sleeves. The point is that, in comparison with other sports, handball is amazingly silent as to what actually constitutes a ‘uniform’. It seems that, by definition, there is nothing that should require a more clear and precise definition than what goes under the name ‘uniform’… But I cannot point any fingers, because I have been involved in IHF rules matters for several decades, and it never occurred to me or anyone else to see the need for a clearer definition of something that everyone seemed to understand!

The rule book does not even talk about shorts vs. long pants, and shirts are only mentioned indirectly in the sense of being the place where you put the player numbers. So no wonder that it was the EHF advertising regulations and not the playing rules that were at issue in the case of AG Copenhagen. And the rules point out that the teams must wear different colors, but it is in fact not quite clear what should carry those colors. And for instance, are bikinis from beach handball allowed in indoor handball? Are long socks or panty-hose OK and do the colors matter etc? Is there a basis for prohibiting a skirt or a kilt? At least it is spelled out that players must were sports shoes, so playing barefoot or in regular dress shoes is not acceptable.

The rules have a more specific focus on objects that are prohibited or must be covered. The concept of taping or covering involves, for instance, rings, earrings, body piercing. It is also explicitly stated that head protection and face masks are illegal, as are watches, bracelets or necklaces. But if one goes back to the question of head scarves, where the reality is that handball is generally ahead of football, perhaps it would be advisable to follow FIFA’s detailed determinations and/or have a special review in the IHF of what type/size of scarves should be accepted; and especially how they need to be attached (Velcro?) to avoid that they keep falling off, get tangled up, or risk having a ‘strangling effect’. One does not want to over-regulate, because controversies at a new level is the last thing one would want, but it is necessary to consider the safety of all the players and also to facilitate for the referees.

Finally, the focus on the general definition of ‘uniform’ seems to suggest that the IHF might be well advised to come up with some clarifications or a more precise text in the next rule book.